Dual processing in syllogistic reasoning: An individual differences perspective

The study aimed to examine several assumptions of dual process theories of reasoning by employing individual difference approach. A set of categorical syllogisms was administered to a relatively large sample of participants (N = 247) along with attached confidence rating scales, and measures of intelligence and cognitive reflection. As expected, response accuracy on syllogistic reasoning tasks highly depended on task complexity and the status of belief-logic conflict, thus demonstrating belief-bias on the group level. Individual difference analyses showed that more biased subject also performed poorer on Raven's Matrices (r =.25) and Cognitive Reflection Test (r =.27), which is in line with assumptions that willingness to engage and capacities to carry out type 2 processes both contribute to understanding of rational thinking. Moreover, measures of cognitive decoupling were significantly correlated with the performance on conflict syllogisms (r =.20). Individual differences in sensitivity to conflict detection, on the other side, were not related to reasoning accuracy in general (r =.02). Yet, additional analyses showed that noteworthy correlation between these two can be observed for easier syllogistic reasoning tasks (r =.26). Such results indicate that boundary conditions of conflict detection should be viewed as a function of both tasks' and participants' characteristics

Individual Differences in Anchoring Effect: Evidence for the Role of Insufficient Adjustment

Although the anchoring effect is one of the most reliable results of experimental psychology, researchers have only recently begun to examine the role of individual differences in susceptibility to this cognitive bias. Yet, first correlational studies yielded inconsistent results, failing to identify any predictors that have a systematic effect on anchored decisions. The present research seeks to remedy methodological shortcomings of foregoing research by employing modified within-subject anchoring procedure. Results confirmed the robustness of phenomenon in extended paradigm and replicated previous findings on anchor's direction and distance as significant experimental factors of the anchoring effect size. Obtained measures of individual differences in susceptibility to anchoring were fairly reliable but shared only small portion of variability with intelligence, cognitive reflection, and basic personality traits. However, in a group of more reflective subjects, substantial negative correlation between intelligence and anchoring was detected. This finding indicates that, at least for some subjects, effortful cognitive process of adjustment plays role in the emergence of the anchoring effect, which is in line with expectations of dual-process theories of human reasoning

On uninteligibility of racialization of intelligence

IQ argumentom se tvrdi da (1) postoje rasne, odnosno grupne razlike u inteligenciji između crnaca i belaca, da je (2) inteligencija visoko nasledna, te su i (3) date razlike urođene, odnosno odražavaju različitosti u genetičkom materijalu. Nalazi populacionih genetičara sugerišu da je pojam rase, baš kao i pojam etničke zajednice, samo društvena konstrukcija, kulturološka kategorija, a ne biološki (genetički) utemeljen kriterijum klasifikacije. Posmatrano sa te pozicije, unapred je obesmišljen svaki pokušaj naučnih rasista da rasne razlike u inteligenciji proglase naslednim. Uproks tome, a polazeći od empirijske činjenice da na testovima sposobnosti belci (kao društvena zajednica, skup individua koje se deklarišu kao članovi bele rase/populacije/grupe) dosledno postižu za oko 15 jedinica viši prosečni IQ rezultat u odnosu na crnce (kao društvenu zajednicu...), naučni rasisti su skloni da ove razlike proglase urođenim, tvrdeći da je inteligencija visoko nasledna sposobnost. Stoga će u radu više pažnje biti posvećeno drugoj premisi. Cilj je pokazati kako sam nalaz o grupnim razlikama u svojoj deskriptivnoj formi nije rasistički, ali da takvim postaje prelaskom na nivo neutemeljenog nativističkog objašnjenja. Posebno su razmotreni metodološki propusti naučnih rasista, a ukazano je i na ulogu koju neosnovani zaključci imaju u održavanju društvenih nejednakosti.IQ argument alleges that (1) there are racial, i.e. group differences in intelligence between Black and White people, and that (2) intelligence is highly hereditary, thus (3) given differences are congenital and they reflect diversities in genetic material. Results of population geneticists suggest that the notion of race (and the notion of ethnic group likewise) is only a social construct, a cultural category, and not a biologically (genetically) founded criterion of classification. Having this in mind, any attempt by scientific racists to declare racial differences in intelligence hereditary is beforehand nonsensical. In spite of this, and based on the empirical fact that White people (as a social group, a collection of individuals declaring themselves being of white race/population/ group) consistently score higher average IQ on ability tests for approximately 15 units more than Black people (as social group…), scientific racist incline to proclaim these differences as being congenital, claiming at the same time that intelligence is a highly hereditary ability. Thus, this paper will pri marily focus on the other claim. The aim is to show that the finding on group differences in its descriptive form is not itself racist, but that it becomes such by advancing to the level of unfounded nativist explanation. Also, methodological errors of scientific racists are addressed separately, as well as the role which unfounded conclusions have in conservation of social inequality

Sklonost kognitivnim pristrasnostima

Cognitive biases, predictable deviations of cognitive processes' outcomes from rational normatives, are examined in eight studies by using a methodological and conceptual apparatus of differential psychology. Anchoring effect, the common human tendency to rely too heavily on the first piece of information offered, was the subject of the first study. Apart from confirming curvilinearity of the anchor-distance function, results revealed that factor of fluid intelligence (gf) effects this quadratic function in a way that more intelligent subjects have the same range of plausible answers as other subjects, but they consider a wider range of anchor values as plausible. Their response pattern can be perceived as a strategy of maintaining lower risk in a wider range of values, which at the bivariate level results in the absence of correlation between gf and anchoring effect. Direct gf effect on anchoring, observed in the conditions of high cognitive reflection, speaks in favour of the assumption that, besides automatic processes (selective accessibility), the anchoring effect is also influenced by serial processes (insufficient adjustment), which is in compliance with the general notion of dual process theories (DPT). Belief bias, effect of the empirical status of a conclusion on the outcome of abstract reasoning process, was the subject of the second study. Effect is consistently demonstrated in four basic types of syllogism by a decline in achievement after introducing the conflict between empirical and logical conclusion statuses. In compliance with DPT expectations, gf predicts individual differences in the subjects’ achievements when plausibility and validity of conclusion are in conflict, but not when there is a concurrence between them. In the same conditions, the measures of a cognitive reflection incrementally contribute to the (explanation) of the achievement variance, which can also be understood as a confirmation of the assumption that individual differences in rational reasoning cannot be reduced to intelligence. People’s systematic tendency of overestimating their own abilities is traditionally expressed through the score of difference between subjective and objective probability of giving correct answers, namely the overconfidence effect. In order to avoid an objection about the algebra origin of bias measure in the scores of achievement (intelligence), the third study empirically investigates alternative measures. Results show that achievement estimations of more intelligent subjects are more discriminative, particularly that the more intelligent subjects are more confident about their correct answers while less confident about the wrong ones...Kognitivne pristrasnosti, empirijski fenomeni sistematskog odstupanja ishoda kognitivnih procesa od racionalnih normativa, istraženi su kroz osam studija korišćenjem metodološkog i pojmovnog aparata psihologije individualnih razlika. Efekat ukotvljavanja, koji se tiče predvidive sklonosti ljudi da zasnivaju procene različitih vrednosti na irelevantnim numeričkim informacijama, bio je predmet prve studije. Pored toga što potvrđuju postojanje krivolinijskog odnosa između stepena udaljenosti kotve i veličine efekta ukotvljavanja, rezultati pokazuju da fluidna inteligencija oblikuje kvadratnu funkciju ukotvljavanja na takav način da inteligentniji ispitanici imaju isti raspon plauzabilnih odgovora kao i ostali subjekti, ali da plauzabilnim doživljavaju širi raspon vrednosti kotvi. Inteligentniji obrazac odgovora može se razumeti kao strategija prihvatanja niže stope rizika u širem rasponu vrednosti, što na bivarijatnom nivou rezultuje odsustvom povezanosti inteligencije i ukupne veličine efekta ukotvljavanja. Direktan efekat inteligencije na veličinu efekta ukotvljavanja zabeležen je u uslovima visoke reflektivnosti. Ovi nalazi su u skladu sa pretpostavkom da, pored automatskih (selektivna dostupnost), razumevanju efekta ukotvljavanja doprinose i serijalni procesi (nedovoljno podešavanje), što je saglasno opštem stanovištu teorija dualnih procesa (TDP). Pristrasnost uverenja, koja predstavlja efekat empirijskog statusa zaključka na ishode procesa apstraktnog rezonovanja, bila je predmet druge studije. Efekat uverljivosti dosledno je demonstriran na četiri osnovna tipa silogizma padom postignuća nakon uvođenja konflikta između empirijskog i logičkog statusa zaključka. U skladu sa očekivanjima TDP, faktor fluidne inteligencije predviđa individualne razlike u postignuću ispitanika onda kada su uverljivost i validnost zaključka u konfliktu, ali ne i onda kada su usaglašene. Pored toga, mere reflektivnog uma u uslovima konflikta ostvaruju značajne inkrementalne doprinose razumevanju varijanse postignuća, što ukazuje na to da individualne razlike u racionalnom mišljenju nisu svodive na inteligenciju. Pristrasnost preteranog pouzdanja, koja se odnosi na sistematsku sklonost ljudi da precenjuju vlastite sposobnosti, tradicionalno se izražava putem skora razlike između subjektivne i objektivne verovatnoće davanja tačnih odgovora, i predstavlja predmet treće studije. Kako bi se izbegao prigovor o algebarskom poreklu mere pristrasnosti u skorovima postignuća (inteligencije), u trećoj studiji su empirijski razmotrene prednosti i nedostaci alternativnih mera. Rezultati pokazuju da su subjektivne procene inteligentnijih subjekata diskriminativnije, odnosno da su inteligentniji ispitanici pouzdaniji u svoje tačne i manje pouzdani u svoje pogrešne odgovore, ali i da mere pouzdanja međusobno koreliraju visoko bez obzira na to da li se odnose na tačne ili pogrešne odgovore..

Meta-analysis as a method for Research integration

Meta-analiza danas predstavlja osnovno sredstvo za kvantitativnu integraciju rezultata tematski srodnih empirijskih istraživanja sa ciljem izvlačenja opštijih zaključaka o datoj istraživačkoj oblati. Meta- analitički nalazi po pravilu imaju visok stepen generalizabilnosti, što je i osnovni razlog njihove visoke citiranosti, ali i upotrebe prilikom donošenja informisanih odluka u obrazovnom, zdravstvenom i privrednom kontekstu. Meta-analiza ne podrazumeva samo statističku analizu rezultata ranijih studija, nego se odnosi na širi proces koji obuhvata veći broj međusobno za- visnih koraka počevši od specifikovanja ciljeva istraživanja i definisanja kriterijuma za izbora studija, preko pretraživanja literature i procene pri- kladnosti pronađenih studija, pa sve do kodiranja informacija iz ovih studija i, konačno, njihove statističke analize. U radu su prikazani ovi koraci i zada- ci kojih ih prate, uz korišćenje ilustrativnog primera iz oblasti specijalne edukacije i rehabilitacije. Pored konceptualnog određenja i poređenja sa dru- gim srodnim istraživanjima, razmotrena su i izvesna ograničenja meta-ana- lize, ali i istaknute njene nesumnjive prednosti.Meta-analysis is a quantitative method that is now widely used to integrate results of previous researches on a similar topic in order to reach a general conclusion about that body of research. Due to the high level of generalizability of its findings, metaanalyses are highly appreciated not only in an academy, but also in other social contexts where it is often used for evidence-informed decision making. Meta-analysis encompasses several steps which include formulating the initial research question, defining of criteria for including studies, searching and retrieving of relevant studies, extracting critical information from each study, and analyzing them. In this paper, the major phases of meta-analysis are described and illustrated by using concrete research from the field of special education. Particular emphasis was put on the procedures that are most critical to the validity of conclusions. Besides, a meta-analysis was compared to similar types of research, and limitations and advantages of the method were discussed

Sibling relations in alcoholic families

Odnos izme�����u braće i sestara (siblinga) je najtrajnija porodična relacija. Premda su deo porodičnog sistema, siblinške relacije imaju svojerodne karakteristike, koje se mogu razlikovati u specifičnim porodičnim okolnostima. Ciljevi ovog istraživanja su adaptacija i provera metrijskih odlika Upitnika za procenu kvaliteta odnosa izme�����u braće i sestara (SRQ, Sibling Relationship Questionnaire), te njegova validacija putem pore�����enja dimenzija siblinških odnosa u alkoholičarkim i funkcionalnim porodicama. U prvoj studiji je ispitano 322 ispitanika, a najviši prosečni skorovi su registrovani na subskalama Naklonjenost (M=4.15), Divljenje prema siblingu (M=3.74), Divljenje od strane siblinga (M=3.65) i Prosocijalno ponašanje (M=3.59), a najniži na subskalama Takmičenje (M=2.22), Dominantnost siblinga (M=2.65) i Dominantnost nad siblingom (2.65), što ukazuje na ulogu i značaj siblinških odnosa kod adolescenata. Iako raspodele skorova dosledno odstupaju od normalne distribucije, pouzdanost subskala iskazana u terminima unutrašnje doslednosti je relativno zadovoljavajuća. U drugoj studiji su pore�����ene razlike u prosečnim skorovima na subkslama i faktorima SRQ upitnika u dve grupe ispitanika (iz alkoholočarskih porodica i iz kontrolne grupe), pri čemu je kontrola konfundirajućih varijabli sprovedena tehnikom sparivanja. Unutar alkoholičarskih porodica postoji veća pristrasnost majke u smislu favorizovanja samog ispitanika u odnosu na drugog siblinga (U=226, p<.01), a dominantnost koju ispitanici iskazuju nad svojim siblingom je niža u odnosu na kontrolnu grupu (U=256.5; p<.01). Pored toga, u siblinškom odnosu unutar alkoholičarske porodice je značajno niža brižnost, odnosno nega prema bratu/sestri (U=252, p<.01), a povišeno suparništvo (U=290.5; p<.05). Posmatrano na nivou faktorskih skorova, ispitanici iz alkoholičarskih porodica pokazuju veći intenzitet rivaliteta prema siblinzima (U=269; p<.01), dok istovremeno izveštavaju da imaju manju moć, odnosno nepovoljniji relativni status unutar siblinške dijade (U=273.5; p<.01). Dobijeni nalazi su u skladu sa hipotezom komplementarnosti porodičnih i siblinških odnosa.The relationship between brothers and sisters is the longest-lasting family relation. Although they are part of a family system, sibling relationships have distinctive characteristics, which can differ in specific family circumstances. The goals of this research are the adaptation and testing of metric characteristics of Sibling Relationship Questionnaire (SRQ), as well as the validation through comparing dimensions of sibling relationships between alcoholic and functional families. In the first of the two studies, 322 participants were examined, the highest scores were registered on subscales of Affection (M=4.15), Admiration of Sibling (M=3.47), Admiration by Sibling (M=3.65) and Prosocial (M=3.59), and the lowest scores were on subscales of Competition (M=2.22), Dominance of Sibling (M=2.65) and Dominance by Sibling (M=2.65), which indicates the role and significance of sibling relationships in adolescents. Although score distributions consistently deviate from normal distribution, the reliability of subscales in terms of internal consistency is relatively satisfying. In the second study a comparison of average scores on subscales and factors of SRQ was made between two groups of participants (from alcoholic families and from a control group). Control of confounding variables was conducted through pairing. In alcoholic families there is a bigger maternal partiality, compared to their siblings, participants are more favoured by their mothers (U=226, p<.01), and also less dominative over their siblings in comparison to the control group (U=256.5; p<.01). Moreover, sibling relationships in alcoholic familes are characterised with significantly lower nurturance of sibling (U=252, p<.01) and higher antagonism (U=290.5; p<.05). Factors scores show that siblings from alcoholic families display rivalry of higher intensity (U=269; p<.01), while, at the same time, report that they have less power – that is, that their relative status in the sibling dyad is adverse (U=273.5; p<.01). Results are compatible with the hypothesis of complementarity of family and sibling relations

Okvir i naziv medicinskog tretmana i njihov uticaj na zdravstvene odluke

Decisions about one's own health range from everyday easy ones, such as taking a vitamin pill, to those made in the situations of life-threatening diseases. When it comes to choosing treatments, patients have difficulty understanding statistical information about the possible outcomes of alternative treatments, such as probabilities and risks. These challenges are especially important in the context of the shared decision-making. The aim of this study was to examine the influence of the labelling of the treatment in risky choice decision tasks. The risky choice framing effect (FE) pertains to the systematic preference reversal because different aspects of formally identical situations are emphasized. In the present study, the participants made a forced choice between a non-risky and risky treatment presented in terms of gains and losses. In the first condition surgery was the risky option and in the second it was radiation. In the third condition, the treatments' labels were replaced with ' A' and 'B'. Chi-square tests revealed a significant difference in the proportions of risky choices between the three conditions. The FE was registered only in the first and the second condition, and it was moderate and strong, respectively. When choosing between surgery and radiation, participants' choices were indeed influenced by the naming of the treatment, but not exclusively-they generally preferred surgery, and when it was offered in terms of losses, they preferred it even more.Odluke o ličnom zdravlju protežu se od svakodnevnih i lakih, kao što je odluka o uzimanju vitaminskog suplementa, do onih koje se donose u situacijama kada je prisutna životno ugrožavajuća bolest. Pacijenti koji donose odluku o izboru tretmana suočavaju se sa specifičnim izazovima i imaju poteškoća da razumeju statističke podatke o mogućim ishodima alternativnih tretmana, o verovatnoći i o rizicima. Ova problematika je posebno značajna u kontekstu prakse zajedničkog odlučivanja, u kojoj i pacijent, a ne samo lekar, donosi odluku o tome na koji način će se tretirati bolest. Cilj ove studije bio je da se ispita uticaj naziva tretmana u zadacima odlučivanja u uslovima rizika. Efekat okvira rizičnog izbora se odnosi na sistematsku promenu redosleda preferencija koje su različite po rizičnosti. Do toga dolazi usled naglašavanja različitih aspekata identične situacije prilikom prikazivanja opcija donosiocima odluka. U našoj studiji ispitanici su prinudno birali između nerizičnog i rizičnog tretmana, koji su predstavljeni u terminima dobitka i gubitka. U prvoj eksperimentalnoj situaciji, kao rizična opcija predstavljena je operacija, a u drugoj zračenje. U trećem eksperimentu, nazivi tretmana su zamenjeni apstraktnim oznakama A i B. Rezultati pokazuju statistički značajnu razliku u proporcijama rizičnih odgovora između tri eksperimentalne situacije. Efekat okvira je registrovan u prvom i drugom eksperimentu; u prvom umerenog, a u drugom većeg intenziteta. Kada biraju između operacije i zračenja na ispitanike utiče naziv tretmana, ali to ne objašnjava celokupnu varijansu. Po pravilu, preferirali su operaciju, a kada je ona prikazana u terminima gubitka, ta preferencija je bila još jača

Susceptibility to cognitive biases

Kognitivne pristrasnosti, empirijski fenomeni sistematskog odstupanja ishoda kognitivnih procesa od racionalnih normativa, istraženi su kroz osam studija korišćenjem metodološkog i pojmovnog aparata psihologije individualnih razlika. Efekat ukotvljavanja, koji se tiče predvidive sklonosti ljudi da zasnivaju procene različitih vrednosti na irelevantnim numeričkim informacijama, bio je predmet prve studije. Pored toga što potvrđuju postojanje krivolinijskog odnosa između stepena udaljenosti kotve i veličine efekta ukotvljavanja, rezultati pokazuju da fluidna inteligencija oblikuje kvadratnu funkciju ukotvljavanja na takav način da inteligentniji ispitanici imaju isti raspon plauzabilnih odgovora kao i ostali subjekti, ali da plauzabilnim doživljavaju širi raspon vrednosti kotvi. Inteligentniji obrazac odgovora može se razumeti kao strategija prihvatanja niže stope rizika u širem rasponu vrednosti, što na bivarijatnom nivou rezultuje odsustvom povezanosti inteligencije i ukupne veličine efekta ukotvljavanja. Direktan efekat inteligencije na veličinu efekta ukotvljavanja zabeležen je u uslovima visoke reflektivnosti. Ovi nalazi su u skladu sa pretpostavkom da, pored automatskih (selektivna dostupnost), razumevanju efekta ukotvljavanja doprinose i serijalni procesi (nedovoljno podešavanje), što je saglasno opštem stanovištu teorija dualnih procesa (TDP). Pristrasnost uverenja, koja predstavlja efekat empirijskog statusa zaključka na ishode procesa apstraktnog rezonovanja, bila je predmet druge studije. Efekat uverljivosti dosledno je demonstriran na četiri osnovna tipa silogizma padom postignuća nakon uvođenja konflikta između empirijskog i logičkog statusa zaključka. U skladu sa očekivanjima TDP, faktor fluidne inteligencije predviđa individualne razlike u postignuću ispitanika onda kada su uverljivost i validnost zaključka u konfliktu, ali ne i onda kada su usaglašene. Pored toga, mere reflektivnog uma u uslovima konflikta ostvaruju značajne inkrementalne doprinose razumevanju varijanse postignuća, što ukazuje na to da individualne razlike u racionalnom mišljenju nisu svodive na inteligenciju. Pristrasnost preteranog pouzdanja, koja se odnosi na sistematsku sklonost ljudi da precenjuju vlastite sposobnosti, tradicionalno se izražava putem skora razlike između subjektivne i objektivne verovatnoće davanja tačnih odgovora, i predstavlja predmet treće studije. Kako bi se izbegao prigovor o algebarskom poreklu mere pristrasnosti u skorovima postignuća (inteligencije), u trećoj studiji su empirijski razmotrene prednosti i nedostaci alternativnih mera. Rezultati pokazuju da su subjektivne procene inteligentnijih subjekata diskriminativnije, odnosno da su inteligentniji ispitanici pouzdaniji u svoje tačne i manje pouzdani u svoje pogrešne odgovore, ali i da mere pouzdanja međusobno koreliraju visoko bez obzira na to da li se odnose na tačne ili pogrešne odgovore...Cognitive biases, predictable deviations of cognitive processes' outcomes from rational normatives, are examined in eight studies by using a methodological and conceptual apparatus of differential psychology. Anchoring effect, the common human tendency to rely too heavily on the first piece of information offered, was the subject of the first study. Apart from confirming curvilinearity of the anchor-distance function, results revealed that factor of fluid intelligence (gf) effects this quadratic function in a way that more intelligent subjects have the same range of plausible answers as other subjects, but they consider a wider range of anchor values as plausible. Their response pattern can be perceived as a strategy of maintaining lower risk in a wider range of values, which at the bivariate level results in the absence of correlation between gf and anchoring effect. Direct gf effect on anchoring, observed in the conditions of high cognitive reflection, speaks in favour of the assumption that, besides automatic processes (selective accessibility), the anchoring effect is also influenced by serial processes (insufficient adjustment), which is in compliance with the general notion of dual process theories (DPT). Belief bias, effect of the empirical status of a conclusion on the outcome of abstract reasoning process, was the subject of the second study. Effect is consistently demonstrated in four basic types of syllogism by a decline in achievement after introducing the conflict between empirical and logical conclusion statuses. In compliance with DPT expectations, gf predicts individual differences in the subjects’ achievements when plausibility and validity of conclusion are in conflict, but not when there is a concurrence between them. In the same conditions, the measures of a cognitive reflection incrementally contribute to the (explanation) of the achievement variance, which can also be understood as a confirmation of the assumption that individual differences in rational reasoning cannot be reduced to intelligence. People’s systematic tendency of overestimating their own abilities is traditionally expressed through the score of difference between subjective and objective probability of giving correct answers, namely the overconfidence effect. In order to avoid an objection about the algebra origin of bias measure in the scores of achievement (intelligence), the third study empirically investigates alternative measures. Results show that achievement estimations of more intelligent subjects are more discriminative, particularly that the more intelligent subjects are more confident about their correct answers while less confident about the wrong ones..

Sibling relations in alcoholic families

Odnos izme�����u braće i sestara (siblinga) je najtrajnija porodična relacija. Premda su deo porodičnog sistema, siblinške relacije imaju svojerodne karakteristike, koje se mogu razlikovati u specifičnim porodičnim okolnostima. Ciljevi ovog istraživanja su adaptacija i provera metrijskih odlika Upitnika za procenu kvaliteta odnosa izme�����u braće i sestara (SRQ, Sibling Relationship Questionnaire), te njegova validacija putem pore�����enja dimenzija siblinških odnosa u alkoholičarkim i funkcionalnim porodicama. U prvoj studiji je ispitano 322 ispitanika, a najviši prosečni skorovi su registrovani na subskalama Naklonjenost (M=4.15), Divljenje prema siblingu (M=3.74), Divljenje od strane siblinga (M=3.65) i Prosocijalno ponašanje (M=3.59), a najniži na subskalama Takmičenje (M=2.22), Dominantnost siblinga (M=2.65) i Dominantnost nad siblingom (2.65), što ukazuje na ulogu i značaj siblinških odnosa kod adolescenata. Iako raspodele skorova dosledno odstupaju od normalne distribucije, pouzdanost subskala iskazana u terminima unutrašnje doslednosti je relativno zadovoljavajuća. U drugoj studiji su pore�����ene razlike u prosečnim skorovima na subkslama i faktorima SRQ upitnika u dve grupe ispitanika (iz alkoholočarskih porodica i iz kontrolne grupe), pri čemu je kontrola konfundirajućih varijabli sprovedena tehnikom sparivanja. Unutar alkoholičarskih porodica postoji veća pristrasnost majke u smislu favorizovanja samog ispitanika u odnosu na drugog siblinga (U=226, p<.01), a dominantnost koju ispitanici iskazuju nad svojim siblingom je niža u odnosu na kontrolnu grupu (U=256.5; p<.01). Pored toga, u siblinškom odnosu unutar alkoholičarske porodice je značajno niža brižnost, odnosno nega prema bratu/sestri (U=252, p<.01), a povišeno suparništvo (U=290.5; p<.05). Posmatrano na nivou faktorskih skorova, ispitanici iz alkoholičarskih porodica pokazuju veći intenzitet rivaliteta prema siblinzima (U=269; p<.01), dok istovremeno izveštavaju da imaju manju moć, odnosno nepovoljniji relativni status unutar siblinške dijade (U=273.5; p<.01). Dobijeni nalazi su u skladu sa hipotezom komplementarnosti porodičnih i siblinških odnosa.The relationship between brothers and sisters is the longest-lasting family relation. Although they are part of a family system, sibling relationships have distinctive characteristics, which can differ in specific family circumstances. The goals of this research are the adaptation and testing of metric characteristics of Sibling Relationship Questionnaire (SRQ), as well as the validation through comparing dimensions of sibling relationships between alcoholic and functional families. In the first of the two studies, 322 participants were examined, the highest scores were registered on subscales of Affection (M=4.15), Admiration of Sibling (M=3.47), Admiration by Sibling (M=3.65) and Prosocial (M=3.59), and the lowest scores were on subscales of Competition (M=2.22), Dominance of Sibling (M=2.65) and Dominance by Sibling (M=2.65), which indicates the role and significance of sibling relationships in adolescents. Although score distributions consistently deviate from normal distribution, the reliability of subscales in terms of internal consistency is relatively satisfying. In the second study a comparison of average scores on subscales and factors of SRQ was made between two groups of participants (from alcoholic families and from a control group). Control of confounding variables was conducted through pairing. In alcoholic families there is a bigger maternal partiality, compared to their siblings, participants are more favoured by their mothers (U=226, p<.01), and also less dominative over their siblings in comparison to the control group (U=256.5; p<.01). Moreover, sibling relationships in alcoholic familes are characterised with significantly lower nurturance of sibling (U=252, p<.01) and higher antagonism (U=290.5; p<.05). Factors scores show that siblings from alcoholic families display rivalry of higher intensity (U=269; p<.01), while, at the same time, report that they have less power – that is, that their relative status in the sibling dyad is adverse (U=273.5; p<.01). Results are compatible with the hypothesis of complementarity of family and sibling relations

Cross-validation of amorality scale and dark triad scales

U nastojanju da istraže strukturu psihopatije i razviju instrumente koji bi bili upotrebljivi u kliničkom i istraživačkom kontekstu, referentni autori su produkovali značajan broj ček-lista, dijagnostičkih kriterijuma i upitnika. Naše istraživanje je imalo za cilj da unakrsno validira dve savremene operacionalizacije unutrašnjih dispozicija antisocijalnog ponašanja. Paulus i Vilijams (2002) smatraju da se „crna trijada“ ličnosti može opisati putem tri povezana, ali nezavisna konstrukta: makijavelizma (merenog putem MACH-IV skale), psihopatije (SRP) i narcisizma (NPI). Ekstremni skorovi na pomenutim instrumentima, tvrde autori, odlikuju socijalno malevolentnu ličnost. Sa druge strane, skala amoralnosti Kneževića i Radovića (1998) mapira dispozicije koje se nalaze u osnovi amoralnog ponašanja. Konstrukt amorala je strukturalno prikazan putem devet dimenzija, koje se grupišu oko tri faktora drugog reda. Bliskost dve operacionalizacije najpre je proveravana pomoću Pirsonovih koeficijenata linearne korelacije. Nalazi svedoče o povezanosti (1) makijavelizma sa (MACH-IV) sa dimenzijama resentimana (r=.44, p<.01), destruktivnosti (r=.40, p<.01) i sadizma (r=.30, p<.01); (2) narcisizma (NPI) sa resentimanom (r=.47, p<.01) i makijavelizmom (r=.42, p<.01); (3) psihopatije sa resentimanom, niskom kontrolom i destruktivnošću (.39, .38., .35, datim redosledom; p<.01). Rezultati kanoničke korelacione analize sugerišu da „crna trijada“ ne uključuje one apsekte dispozicija za amoralno ponašanje koji se odnose na agresivnost iz brutalnosti, a koji su predstavljeni u modelu amorala. Drugim rečima, čini se da je Kneževićev model komprehenzivniji, odnosno da obuhvata širi raspon ličnosnih dispozicija za devijantna ponašanja.In an effort to explore the structure of psychopathy and to develop instruments which could be applied in both clinical and scientific context, a significant number of check-lists, diagnostic criterias and questionnaires have been developed by relevant authors (Hare, 1985, 1991, 1997, 2003; Edens et al., 2006; Coid & Yang, 2008). The aim of this research was to cross-validate two contemporary operationalizations of internal dispositions of antisocial behavior. Paulhus and Williams (2002) assumed that the „dark triad“ of personality can be described through three combined, but independent constructs: Machiavellianism (measured by MACH-IV scale), Psychopathy (SRP) and Narcissism (NPI). Extreme scores on above mentioned instruments characterize a socially malevolent personality. In addition, a scale of amorality (Knezevic and Radovic, 2003), maps dispositions which are in the core of amoral behavior. The construct of amorality is structurally presented through nine dimensions which are grouped around three second order factors. The overlapping of the two operationalizations is firstly checked by Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients. Results suggest connection of: (1) Machiavellianism (MACH-IV) with dimensions of resentment (r=.44, p<.01), destructiveness (r=.40, p<.01) and sadism (r=.30, p<.01); (2) narcissism (NPI) with resentment (r=.47, p<.01) and machiavellianism (r=.42, p<.01); (3) psychopathy with resentment, low control and destructiveness (.39, .38., .35, respectively; p<.01). Results of canonic correlation and multiple regression analyses suggest that „dark triad“ does not include those aspects of dispositions for amoral behavior which regard aggression driven from brutality and which is proposed in the model of amorality. In the other words, Knezevic’s model is more comprehensive in the matter that it involves a wider range of personality dispositions for deviant behavior